Becoming an Australian citizen is a major milestone and for many migrants, it’s the final step in their journey toward fully belonging in Australia. Whether you’ve lived here for a few years or much longer, it’s important to understand what the Department of Home Affairs looks for in a citizenship application.
In this post, we break down the general requirements for Australian citizenship by conferral, the most common pathway for permanent residents.
1. You Must Be a Permanent Resident
At the time of application, and at the time of your citizenship approval, you must hold a permanent visa. This includes most permanent residency subclasses such as:
- Subclass 189, 190 or 186 visas
- Subclass 801 or 100 partner visas (once permanent)
- Refugee or humanitarian visas
Temporary visa holders, student visa holders, or bridging visa holders are not eligible unless they have since transitioned to permanent residence.
2. You Must Meet the Residency Requirement
Generally, you must have:
- Lived lawfully in Australia for at least 4 years before applying
- Been a permanent resident for at least 12 months immediately before applying
- Spent no more than 12 months outside Australia in the last 4 years
- Spent no more than 90 days outside Australia in the 12 months before applying
In future posts, we’ll explore how to calculate this and what to do if you don’t meet these criteria.
3. You Must Be of Good Character
Applicants aged 18 years or over must pass the character test. This includes disclosing any:
- Criminal offences (in Australia or overseas)
- Court appearances
- Immigration offences or visa cancellations
- Any associations that raise national security concerns
Even if you have a conviction that’s spent, the Department still expects you to declare it. Failing to disclose information can result in refusal, even for minor issues.
4. You Must Have a Basic Knowledge of English and Australian Values
All applicants between 18 and 59 years old must sit a citizenship test. This test assesses:
- English language ability (basic level)
- Understanding of Australian values, history, and democratic principles
- Knowledge of rights and responsibilities as a citizen
The test consists of 20 multiple-choice questions. To pass, you need to answer 75% correctly and get all 5 questions on Australian values right.
5. You Must Intend to Live in Australia or Maintain a Close Connection
When you apply, you must show that you:
- Plan to live in Australia long-term; or
- Will maintain a “close and continuing association” with Australia (if you live overseas)
This is especially important for applicants who travel frequently or plan to leave Australia after applying.
6. You Must Not Have Citizenship Restrictions
Certain people are not eligible to apply for citizenship, including those who:
- Have had their Australian citizenship revoked in the past
- Are under immigration investigation
- Have ongoing criminal proceedings
- Are serving time in prison
These situations require legal advice, as some cases may be eligible under ministerial discretion.
Final Thoughts
Australian citizenship opens the door to many rights and opportunities—voting, government jobs, an Australian passport, and full participation in civic life. But it also comes with responsibilities.
If you meet the basic requirements outlined above, you’re likely on the right path. However, complex circumstances like extended time overseas, criminal records, or unclear visa histories can affect your eligibility.
In our next post, we’ll take a closer look at the residency requirement and how to calculate your eligibility. Stay tuned.
Thinking of Applying for Australian Citizenship?
At Aurelia Legal, we guide permanent residents through the Australian citizenship process. Whether you need help understanding the residency requirement, gathering documents, or responding to a request from the Department, we’re here to provide clear, practical advice.
📞 (03) 9125 8820
✉️ info@aurelialegal.com.au
Disclaimer: This blog is for general information only and does not constitute legal advice. Please seek advice tailored to your specific circumstances.